In April 2021, the German-built KRI Nanggala (402) went missing off the coast of Bali during a torpedo drill. 4 Owing largely to budgetary constraints, Indonesia purchased only three Nagapasa-class submarines from South Korea. In 2006, Agence France-Presse reported that Indonesia was contemplating buying a total of twelve submarines from Russia, South Korea, or China. Indonesia has expressed interest in acquiring more submarines to protect its national interests and to guard resources and sea lanes. It then laid the KRI Nanggala (402) in July 1978 and commissioned it in July 1981. TNI-AL laid down the KRI Cakra (401) in November 1977 and commissioned it in March 1981. 2 However, today it operates a force of four submarines. Indonesia once operated a submarine force of twelve Whiskey-class vessels purchased from the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 70s.
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